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A review of advances in China’s flash flood early-warning system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Changjun Liu Liang Guo Lei Ye Shunfu Zhang Yanzeng Zhao Tianyu Song 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):619-634
This paper summarizes the main flash flood early-warning systems of America, Europe, Japan, and Taiwan China and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The latest development in flash flood prevention is also presented. China’s flash flood prevention system involves three stages. Herein, the warning methods and achievements in the first two stages are introduced in detail. Based on the worldwide experience of flash flood early-warning systems, the general research idea of the third stage is proposed from the viewpoint of requirements for flash flood prevention and construction progress of the next stage in China. Real-time dynamic warning systems can be applied to the early-warning platform at four levels (central level, provincial level, municipal level, and county level) . Through this, soil moisture, peak flow, and water level can be calculated in real-time using distributed hydrological models, and then flash flood warning indexes can be computed based on defined thresholds of runoff and water level. A compound warning index (CWI) can be applied to regions where rainfall and water level are measured by simple equipment. In this manner, flash-flood-related factors such as rainfall intensity and antecedent and cumulative rainfall depths can be determined using the CWI method. The proposed methodology for the third stage could support flash flood prevention measures in the 13th 5-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (2016–2020). The research achievements will serve as a guidance for flash flood monitoring and warning as well as flood warning in medium and small rivers. 相似文献
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文章从蚀源区铀源条件、中新生代构造演化条件、侏罗系沉积建造特征及后生蚀变特征等角度分析了准噶尔盆地东北部砂岩型铀矿的区域成矿条件,认为卡拉麦里山的富铀花岗岩体为该区砂岩型铀成矿提供了丰富的铀源,中侏罗统含煤碎屑岩建造为砂岩型铀成矿提供了良好的容矿空间,侏罗纪以来多期次不整合面的发育为含铀含氧水的渗入改造提供了通道及时间,为大规模层间氧化带的发育提供了物质基础。研究结果显示,卡拉麦里山北坡为最有利的砂岩型铀矿找矿部位,其主要找矿目标层位为中侏罗统头屯河组,找矿类型为层间氧化带型。 相似文献
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Timokhov L. A. Ivanov V. V. Kassens H. Lebedev N. V. Frolov I. Ye. Hölemann J. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2018,480(1):685-688
Doklady Earth Sciences - According to historical oceanographic data, anomalies in the dynamic topography during the winter period were calculated and two climatic stages of dynamic condition of the... 相似文献
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Landslide-prone slopes in earthquake-affected areas commonly feature heterogeneity and high permeability due to the presence of cracks and fissures that were caused by ground shaking. Landslide reactivation in heterogeneous slope may be affected by preferential flow that was commonly occurred under heavy rainfall. Current hydro-mechanical models that are based on a single-permeability model consider soil as a homogeneous continuum, which, however, cannot explicitly represent the hydraulic properties of heterogeneous soil. The present study adopted a dual-permeability model, using two Darcy-Richards equations to simulate the infiltration processes in both matrix and preferential flow domains. The hydrological results were integrated with an infinite slope stability approach, attempting to investigate the hydro-mechanical behavior. A coarse-textured unstable slope in an earthquake-affected area was chosen for conducting artificial rainfall experiment, and in the experiment slope, failure was triggered several times under heavy rainfall. The simulated hydro-mechanical results of both single- and dual-permeability model were compared with the measurements, including soil moisture content, pore water pressure, and slope stability conditions. Under high-intensity rainfall, the measured soil moisture and pore water pressure at 1-m depth showed faster hydrological response than its simulations, which can be regarded as a typical evidence of preferential flow. We found the dual-permeability model substantially improved the quantification of hydro-mechanical processes. Such improvement could assist in obtaining more reliable landslide-triggering predication. In the light of the implementation of a dual-permeability model for slope stability analysis, a more flexible and robust early warning system for shallow landslides hazard in coarse-textured slopes could be provided. 相似文献
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Plant drought tolerance trait is the key parameter in improving the modeling of terrestrial transpiration in arid and semi-arid regions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Xintao Liu Xingjie Lu Shulei Zhang Zhongwang Wei Nan Wei Shupeng Zhang Hua Yuan Wei Shangguan Shaofeng Liu Jianfeng Huang Lu Li Xiulan Ye Jinxuan Zhou Wenke Hu Yongjiu Dai 《大气和海洋科学快报》2022,15(1):35-41
陆面过程蒸腾作用的模拟制约着天气,气候降水预测的精确度.近几十年来,为了更好地描述植被蒸腾的水力约束,陆面过程模式发展了基于植物性状的植物水力胁迫方案.然而,我们对于植物性状在蒸腾模拟中的地位仍然缺乏了解,植物性状对蒸腾的重要性仍需进一步量化.本研究利用Morris方法评估植物性状参数在通用陆面模式植物水力胁迫方案(CoLM-P50HS)中的重要性,针对17种植物性状,筛选出最为重要的:耐旱性状(P50),气孔性状,和光合作用性状.在12个FLUXNET站点中,参数的重要性由归一化敏感度来衡量.P50的重要性随着降水的减少而增加,而气孔性状和光合作用性状的重要性则随着降水的减少而减少.在干旱或半干旱地区,P50比气孔性状和光合作用性状更重要,这意味着当植物经常经历干旱时,水力安全策略比植物生长策略更关键.而耐旱性状的巨大变异性进一步暗示了多种植物水力安全策略的共存.忽视P50的变异性可能会对陆面过程模式蒸腾作用的模拟造成严重误差.因此,为了更好地表示植物水力功能的变异性,需要增加对耐旱性状的观测并耦合到陆面模式中. 相似文献
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大气冰核观测是研究自然冷云降水和人工影响天气的一项基础性工作,滤膜—扩散云室法是观测冰核浓度的主要方法之一。为检测分析两种滤膜采集方法对冰核观测结果的影响,2011—2015年用自制的大气颗粒物采样器和FA-3型撞击式9级采样器开展了平行采样试验,采集的滤膜样本均在同一静力扩散云室中进行冰核活化显现分析。结果表明:自制采样器较9级采样器观测的冰核浓度高数倍甚至数十倍,但两者随季节和不同气象条件的变化表现出一致的起伏特征。自制采样器适用于对大气中总的冰核浓度分布及理化特征研究;9级采样器适用于对PM10中不同粒径段大气冰核浓度和尺度分布以及理化特征的研究。滤膜法对冰核数量的低估与采样体积成正比,改变采样器气泵的抽气流量和控制采样体积对改进“体积效应”影响均有明显效果。 相似文献